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Blood components
Plasma
• Consists of proteins, albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen
• Regulates acid-base balance and immune responses
• Mediates coagulation
RBCs
• Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from body tissues
• Contain hemoglobin
• Decrease results in anemia
• Increase results in polycythemia
WBCs
• Protect against infection and inflammation
• Produced in bone marrow
• Increase and accumulation in bone marrow or lymphoid tissue indicates leukemia
Platelets
• Interact with plasma and coagulation factors to control bleeding
• Provide factors III and XIII and platelet factor 3 that accelerate blood clotting
• Decrease (thrombocytopenia), excess (thrombocytosis), or dysfunction (thrombocytopathy) cause platelet disorders
Blood dyscrasias
Dyscrasias are abnormal conditions of the blood that are caused by the rapid reproduction and short life span of blood elements, such as:
• bone marrow cells
• erythrocytes
• leukocytes
• platelets.
Blood disorders
Blood disorders may be:
• primary — occur as a result of a problem within the blood itself
• secondary — result from a cause other than a defect in the blood
• quantitative — result from increased or decreased cell production or cell destruction
• qualitative — stem from intrinsic cell abnormalities or plasma component dysfunction.
How blood disorders develop
• Iron deficiency anemia — occurs due to decreased iron supply and leads to blood cells becoming smaller, paler; results in less oxygen carried by blood.
• Thrombocytopenia — results in a deficient number of platelets; occurs due to decreased platelet production, blood loss, sequestration, or destruction.
• DIC — clotting and hemorrhage occur in the vascular system at the same time; blood flow diminished to tissues and anticoagulation results, possibly hemorrhage.
• ITP — antibodies develop against platelets; platelets are destroyed and may result in hemorrhage.
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