The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, arteries, veins, and lymphatics, which transport life-supporting oxygen and nutrients to cells, remove metabolic waste products, and carry hormones from one part of the body to another.
Myocardial function
• Increase in oxygen demand must be met by increase in oxygen supply.
• Blood normally flows in one direction across heart valves.
• Pressure gradient causes the valves to open and close.
Response to blood pressure drop
• Heart rate increases.
• Force of contraction increases.
• Arterioles constrict.
• Heart rate increases.
• Force of contraction increases.
• Arterioles constrict.
Response to blood pressure increase
• Heart rate decreases.
• Force of contraction decreases.
• Vasodilation occurs.
• Heart rate decreases.
• Force of contraction decreases.
• Vasodilation occurs.
How cardiac disorders develop
• Abdominal aneurysm — an abnormal dilation in the arterial wall that occurs in the aorta between the renal arteries and the iliac branches.
• Cardiogenic shock — a condition of diminished cardiac output that severely impairs tissue perfusion as well as oxygen delivery to the tissues.
• Cardiac tamponade — a condition that’s caused by blood or fluid accumulation in the pericardium, which leads to compressed heart chambers and decreased cardiac output.
• Coronary artery disease — occurs when oxygen demand exceeds the supply from diseased vessels, leading to myocardial ischemia.
• Dilated cardiomyopathy — a disorder that’s caused by extensive damage to the heart’s muscle fibers, which results in dilated heart chambers.
• Heart failure — impaired ventricular function due to a heart muscle abnormality that prevents the heart from pumping enough blood.
• Hypertension — an intermittent or sustained elevation of diastolic or systolic blood pressure.
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy — a primary disease of the myocardium that’s characterized by a thickened, inflexible heart muscle.
• Myocardial infarction — caused by blockage of one or more coronary arteries, which leads to prolonged myocardial ischemia, resulting in irreversible cell damage and muscle death.
• Pericarditis — an acute or chronic condition that’s caused by an attack of bacteria or other substances that results in fibrosis and scar tissue once the infection ceases.
• Rheumatic fever and heart disease — a systemic inflammatory disease of childhood that develops after infection of the upper respiratory tract with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci.
• Abdominal aneurysm — an abnormal dilation in the arterial wall that occurs in the aorta between the renal arteries and the iliac branches.
• Cardiogenic shock — a condition of diminished cardiac output that severely impairs tissue perfusion as well as oxygen delivery to the tissues.
• Cardiac tamponade — a condition that’s caused by blood or fluid accumulation in the pericardium, which leads to compressed heart chambers and decreased cardiac output.
• Coronary artery disease — occurs when oxygen demand exceeds the supply from diseased vessels, leading to myocardial ischemia.
• Dilated cardiomyopathy — a disorder that’s caused by extensive damage to the heart’s muscle fibers, which results in dilated heart chambers.
• Heart failure — impaired ventricular function due to a heart muscle abnormality that prevents the heart from pumping enough blood.
• Hypertension — an intermittent or sustained elevation of diastolic or systolic blood pressure.
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy — a primary disease of the myocardium that’s characterized by a thickened, inflexible heart muscle.
• Myocardial infarction — caused by blockage of one or more coronary arteries, which leads to prolonged myocardial ischemia, resulting in irreversible cell damage and muscle death.
• Pericarditis — an acute or chronic condition that’s caused by an attack of bacteria or other substances that results in fibrosis and scar tissue once the infection ceases.
• Rheumatic fever and heart disease — a systemic inflammatory disease of childhood that develops after infection of the upper respiratory tract with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci.
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