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Understanding the respiratory system
The major function of the respiratory system is gas exchange. Its components consist of two lungs, conducting airways, and associated blood vessels. During gas exchange:
• air is taken into the body by inhalation (inspiration) and travels through respiratory passages to the lungs.
• oxygen (O2) in the lungs replaces carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood
• CO2 is expelled from the body on exhalation (expiration).
Conducting airways
Conduction airways allow air into and out of structures within the lung that perform gas exchange and consist of the:
• nose
• mouth
• pharynx
• larynx.
Conduction airways in the lower airway consist of:
• trachea
• right and left mainstem bronchi
• five secondary bronchi
• bronchioles.
Conduction airways allow air into and out of structures within the lung that perform gas exchange and consist of the:
• nose
• mouth
• pharynx
• larynx.
Conduction airways in the lower airway consist of:
• trachea
• right and left mainstem bronchi
• five secondary bronchi
• bronchioles.
Breathing mechanisms
Three factors regulate the amount of air that reaches the lungs carrying O2 and departs with CO2:
• lung volume and capacity
• compliance (the lungs’ ability to expand)
• resistance to air flow.
Three factors regulate the amount of air that reaches the lungs carrying O2 and departs with CO2:
• lung volume and capacity
• compliance (the lungs’ ability to expand)
• resistance to air flow.
Neurochemical control
The respiratory center, located in the lateral medulla oblongata of the brain stem, consists of three different groups of neurons:
• dorsal respiratory neurons
• ventral respiratory neurons
• pneumotaxic center and apneustic center.
The respiratory center, located in the lateral medulla oblongata of the brain stem, consists of three different groups of neurons:
• dorsal respiratory neurons
• ventral respiratory neurons
• pneumotaxic center and apneustic center.
Chemoreceptors
Factors that influence respiration are called chemoreceptors that respond to the:
• hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of arterial blood
• partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (Paco2)
• partial pressure of arterial oxygen (Pao2).
Factors that influence respiration are called chemoreceptors that respond to the:
• hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of arterial blood
• partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (Paco2)
• partial pressure of arterial oxygen (Pao2).
Functions of pH, Paco2, and Pao2:
• Paco2 regulates ventilation by impacting the pH of cerebrospinal fluid.
• If Paco2 is high and Pao2 and pH are low, respiratory rate increases.
• Paco2 regulates ventilation by impacting the pH of cerebrospinal fluid.
• If Paco2 is high and Pao2 and pH are low, respiratory rate increases.
How respiratory disorders develop
• Adult respiratory distress syndrome — a form of pulmonary edema that can quickly lead to acute respiratory failure.
• Asbestosis — a condition that’s characterized by diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.
• Asthma — a chronic reactive airway disorder that can present as an acute attack.
• Chronic bronchitis — a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is an inflammation of the bronchi caused by resistance in small airways from prolonged irritant inhalation.
• Cor pulmonale — a condition that develops secondary to a disease that affects the structure or function of the lungs or its vasculature.
• Emphysema — a form of COPD that is the abnormal, permanent enlargement of the acini accompanied by destruction of the alveolar walls.
• Pneumonia — an acute infection of the lunch parenchyma that impairs gas exchange.
• Pneumothorax — an accumulation of air in the pleural cavity that leads to partial or complete lung collapse.
• Pulmonary edema — a common complication of cardiac
disorders that’s marked by accumulated fluid in the extravascular spaces of the lung.
• Tuberculosis — an infectious disease that primarily
affects the lungs but can invade other body systems.
• Adult respiratory distress syndrome — a form of pulmonary edema that can quickly lead to acute respiratory failure.
• Asbestosis — a condition that’s characterized by diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.
• Asthma — a chronic reactive airway disorder that can present as an acute attack.
• Chronic bronchitis — a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is an inflammation of the bronchi caused by resistance in small airways from prolonged irritant inhalation.
• Cor pulmonale — a condition that develops secondary to a disease that affects the structure or function of the lungs or its vasculature.
• Emphysema — a form of COPD that is the abnormal, permanent enlargement of the acini accompanied by destruction of the alveolar walls.
• Pneumonia — an acute infection of the lunch parenchyma that impairs gas exchange.
• Pneumothorax — an accumulation of air in the pleural cavity that leads to partial or complete lung collapse.
• Pulmonary edema — a common complication of cardiac
disorders that’s marked by accumulated fluid in the extravascular spaces of the lung.
• Tuberculosis — an infectious disease that primarily
affects the lungs but can invade other body systems.
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